七、句型寫作練習
(一) 並列句
兩個或兩個以上的簡單句用等立連詞或用分號、冒號、逗號等連在一起構成的句子叫並列句。常用的等立連詞有and, or, but, so, for, neither, nor, while, whereas等。
用括弧中的連線詞連線下面各組句子。
1) It was a cold snowy day.
He had no money left for food. (and)
2) Hurry up.
You’ll be late. (or)
3) It rained heavily last night.
I went to the show anyway. (but)
4) I enjoy classical music.
She enjoys classical music, too. (so)
5) He must be ill.
He is absent today. (for)
6) Some people waste food.
Others haven’t enough. (while)
7) She is fat.
Her husband is thin. (whereas)
8) She cannot read.
She cannot write, either. (neither)
(二) 復合句
由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句所構成的句子結構叫做復合句，也叫主從復合句。從句由關聯詞引導，關聯詞將從句與主句聯系在一起。根據其在復合句中的作用，從句可以分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、定語從句、狀語從句和同位語從句。
名詞從句
主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句在句子中的作用相當于名詞通常在句中所起的作用，因此統稱為名詞從句。
引導名詞從句的關聯詞，主要有三類：
1. 主從連詞：that(無詞義)，whether(是否)，if(是否)
2. 連線代詞：who(誰)，whom(誰)，whose(誰的)，what(什麽)，which(哪一個，哪一些)
3. 連線副詞：when(什麽時候)，where(什麽地方)，why(為什麽)，how(怎樣)
主從連詞隻起連線作用;連線代詞和連線副詞除了起連線作用外，還充當句中某一個成
分。
1. 將下面每組中的兩個句子合並，將其中一個改為主語從句。
1) They need more help in English.
That is quite obvious.
2) She is still alive.
That is good news.
3) She will come here.
It doesn’t seem likely.
4) The children came to the zoo.
They like the pandas best.
5) We are badly in need of something.
It is raw material.
2. 將下面每組中的詞連成句子，使其中包含主語從句。
1) did not, a pity, he, come earlier, it’s, that
2) smoking, it is, cause, a well-known fact, lung cancer, can, that
3) encouraged him, it is, but, help him, true, actually, I, that, didn’t
4) they, keep their promise, didn’t, seem, it, likely, that, would ever
5) why, for criticism, hard to understand, had singled out, Mary, it was, Prof. Hardy
3. 將下面每組中的兩個句子合並，將其中一個改為賓語從句。
1) What kind of show are they putting on?
Can you tell me?
2) Is the letter overweight?
I’m wondering.
3) How can we improve our study habits?
I am thinking of that.
4) Is Henry the right person for the job?
We are still uncertain as to that.
5) Peter has a slight headache sometimes.
He has always been in good health except that.
6) He had forgotten to take his notebook with him.
He suddenly remembered that.
4. 將下面每組中的兩個句子合並，將其中一個改為賓語從句，並且用it作形式賓語。
1) I was far more intelligent than he was.
I always took that for granted.
2) You were unable to attend our meeting.
We all thought that was a pity.
3) You should mind your manners.
We consider that is important.
4) He was too ill to go on working.
He didn"t want that to be known.
5) Every one of you should finish your homework on time.
I regard that as important.
6) His father would come to his help if he got into trouble.
He took that for granted.
7) He might change his mind at the last minute.
We thought that was highly probable.
8) The train will be delayed by the dense fog.
I think that is likely.
9) You should stop smoking.
The doctor thinks that is advisable.
5. 用 “what” 從句將下列句子補充完整。
1) Could you show me ______ (you, write)?
2) This is ________(we, should always, keep in mind).
3) (they, see) _______ in China made a deep impression on them.
4) We must not put off till tomorrow ______ (we, can, do , today).
6. 將下面每組中的兩個句子合並，將其中一個改為同位語從句。
1) He is growing old.
Nothing could hide the fact.
2) He works hard.
The fact does not necessarily mean that he is a competent leader.
3) I have a complacent feeling.
I feel that I’m highly intelligent.
4) He explained that he didn’t see the notice.
The explanation is unsatisfactory.
5) He holds that there is no advantage in introducing the new method.
Most of us don’t agree with his view.
6) He won the first gold medal at the 23rd Olympic Games.
The news soon spread throughout the country.
7) He has suggested that intelligence is a relative matter.
His suggestion is not universally accepted.
8) I moved that the vote be postponed.
He seconded my motion.
9) He feared that he might not be able to finish the work.
The fear disturbed him greatly.
10) We expressed a hope.
That hope was that Mr. and Mrs. Morrison would come and visit China again.
11) I’ve come from Mr. Lin with a message.
It says that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.
12) Suzy is the right person for the job.
There can be no doubt about it.
定語從句
在復合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句是定語從句。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。定語從句必須放在先行詞的後面。定語從句一般由關系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose和關系副詞when, where, why引出。
關系代詞和關系副詞有兩個作用：1、把主句和從句連線起來;2、在從句中作一個成分。which, that, who在從句中作主語或賓語;whom作賓語;whose作定語。when, where, why在從句中作狀語。
關系代詞that, which, who, whom如果在從句中作賓語，也可以省略。
另外，如果which或whom在定語從句中原為介詞的賓語，則這個介詞可以提到從句前，構成介詞+which或whom引出的定語從句。
定語從句根據與先行詞的密切程度可分為限製性定語從句和非限製性定語從句。限製性定語從句與先行詞關系密切，從句是整個句子不可缺少的部分，去掉之後句子的意思就不完整，不明確，從句與主句之間不用逗號隔開。非限製性定語從句與先行詞的關系比較松散，從句隻是對先行詞的附加說明，去掉之後句子的意思仍然很清楚，從句與主句之間常用逗號隔開。
將下面每組中的兩個句子合並，將其中一個改為定語從句。
1) I went to visit the American author.
He wrote a number of books about China.
2) My aunt prepared the soup.
I ate the soup.
3) I have an arrangement with my bank.
By the arrangement they let me use their money and repay them next month.
4) He sent her a letter.
In the letter he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.
5) Mr. Brown just came from Britain yesterday.
He will teach us accounting this term.
6) She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan.
She has some relatives there.
7) The United States is known for its supermarkets.
In these supermarkets, huge quantities of all kinds of food and household articles are sold.
8) The story happened in late 19th century.
At that time, China is suffering from the invasion of western powers.
狀語從句
狀語從句按其意義可以分為時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、條件、方式、讓步等類別。其引導詞分別如下：
時間狀語從句：when, after, before, as, while, whenever, since, once, until, as soon as
地點狀語從句：where, wherever
原因狀語從句：because, as, since, now that
目的狀語從句：so that, in order that, lest
結果狀語從句：so that, so…that, such…that
條件狀語從句：if, unless, suppose (supposing), provided (that), providing (that), on condition (that), in case, as (so) long as
方式狀語從句：as, as if (though)
讓步狀語從句：though, although, even if (though), however, whatever, no matter how (what, where, when), whether…or
將下面每組中的兩個句子合並，將其中一個改為狀語從句。
(as long as, on condition that, lest, so…that, such…that, in case, as if, now that, whether…or, however, )
1) You’ve bought a new car.
What are you going to do with the old one?
2) We’d better take the telescope with us.
Perhaps it is needed.
3) We must hurry off.
Otherwise, we might miss the bus.
4) The problem was very complicated.
It took us nearly two weeks to solve it.
5) The aircraft was flying at a very high altitude.
We could hardly see it.
6) I’ll lend you my computer.
The condition is that you keep it in good shape.
7) You can go out.
But you should promise to be back before 11 at night.
8) I remember the whole thing.
It seems that it happened yesterday.
9) He tried very hard.
But he could not do the job satisfactorily.
10) It may take an hour or even a whole day.
But I shall find out the answer.
(三) 復雜的簡單句
並列句和復合句往往可以濃縮成復雜的簡單句，使語言更為緊湊、多樣。
1. 表示時間、讓步或條件的狀語從句往往可以改寫為介詞片語作狀語。
1) They looked both ways before they crossed the street.
2) I made my decision after I talked to Sir Francis.
3) Although he was ill, he was determined to carry out his plan.
4) Although they’re intelligent, they aren’t doing well in school.
5) Although he’s rich, he isn’t very happy.
6) Although he’s tall, he isn’t a very good basketball player.
7) If we had your support, we might succeed in performing our task.
8) Even if there were air and water, plants still couldn’t grow on the moon.
9) If you don’t work hard, you will accomplish nothing.
10) If it had not been for their assistance, he would have found himself in trouble.
2. 起伴隨或補充說明作用的從句、簡單句或並列謂語往往可以改寫為“with +名詞+分詞/形容詞/介詞片語”的結構作狀語。
1) They wear layers of clothes even in summer time. Newspapers are stuffed between the layers as further protection against bad weather.
2) If more people help them, they probably will be able to accomplish the task ahead of time.
3) As all his savings were gone, he started to look for a job.
4) In the corner there is a table. One of its legs is shorter than the others.
5) When the job was finished, we went to the seaside for a holiday.
6) As the pace of change is quickening, more and more scientists find it hard to keep up with the latest developments even in their own disciplines.
7) She looked in my face and tears streamed down her cheeks.
3. 還有另外一些從句或簡單句也可以改寫為介詞片語作狀語。
1) She won’t go home until she has taken the exam.
2) Because he had a bad leg, he couldn’t walk as fast as the others.
3) We are full aware that the situation is serious.
4) She hurried back to school for fear that she miss too many lessons.
5) We should not criticize Susan for what she has done. Instead, we ought to praise her for it.
6) Helen did not go straight home after school. She went to work as a waitress in a restaurant.
7) I am not going to send the book to Allan by post. I am going to take it to him myself.
8) Dr. Wilson did not go to New York yesterday to attend his daughter’s wedding. He flew to Florida for an emergency case.
4. 系表結構的定語從句往往可以改寫為直接用形容詞、介詞片語或分詞結構作定語。
1) I love girls who are intelligent
2) At the party, I got to know a professor who is in his thirties.
3) I hate to see letters that are written in pencil.
4) The substance, which was discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized medicine.
5) Among those who are taking part in the work, he is probably the most active.
5. 兩個句子的主語一致時，其中一個往往可以改寫成分詞結構作狀語。
1) Every one of us had been convinced that the project was feasible by the time we left the meeting.
2) As Peter got home from the three-month-long journey to the Antarctic he looked tired out.
3) They went hunting for hours, but when they returned they were empty-handed.
4) When he entered the office he was still annoyed by the way she spoke to him.
5) Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers. Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking.
6) College students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success. They cheat on exams more frequently.
6. 兩個句子的主語相關但不一致時，其中一個句子往往可以改寫成分詞的獨立結構作狀語。
1) He sat in front of them. And his dusty face masked his age.
2) She heard a continual strange noise coming from the next room. Her heart beat fast.
3) The old beggar sat at the corner. Tears welled up in his eyes.
4) Jim continued on his way. The dog was jumping about in front of him.
5) The girl in the snapshot wore a broad smile. Her long hair flowed in the breeze.
7. 解釋性的語句往往可以改寫成同位語。
1) This is Mr. Black. He is director of our hospital.
2) “Leave it to me,” said Peter. Peter was the man on duty.
3) Qinghai Lake is the largest inland body of salt water in China. It lies 3195 meters above sea level.
4) The whole plan was completed within three months. That is half the usual time.
5) He read all kinds of books. They were ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.
6) He was formerly a worker himself. He is now an engineer.
7) She is a mother of three children. She has now entered a college again for further education.
(四) 倒裝句
英語的句子在以下幾種情況下可以倒裝。
1.否定詞位于句首時
1) I have never been to Europe.
2) He had hardly eaten anything before the dinner was over.
3) She had scarcely fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her.
4) Anne had arrived no sooner than she fell ill.
5) She cares little about what others say about her.
2.so, nor, neither等詞位于句首，表明前句說明的情況也適用于本句時
1) Richard can speak Japanese. His sister can speak Japanese, too.
2) Copper is a good conductor. Many other metals are good conductors, too.
3) Paul could not dance, and he could not sing either.
4) The husband was not hospitable to the visitor. And the wife did not say a word of welcome either.
3.含有so...that結構的句子將so引導的部分位于句首時
1) He was so excited that he could not go to sleep.
2) He spoke so forcefully at the meeting that everyone present was convinced.
3) He worked so hard that he obtained his Ph. D. degree one year ahead of schedule.
4.only引出的狀語位于句首時
1) His father called his name only once.
2) The doctor realized only then that his patient needed surgery.
3) We can conclude the business only when you adjust down your price.
5.主語部分過長或上下文需要銜接時
1) The young father who wished to purchase a life insurance policy and agreed to pay a sum of $200 per year for 40 years was sitting in front of the counter.
2) The question of how to face the possibilities of illness, injury, death and financial loss is more
important.
3) The writing of a dictionary involves a number of tasks. The reading of literature, the copying
of words on cards, the sorting of the cards and the writing of definitions are among them.
(五) 被動句
英語中被動句的使用遠遠多于漢語。以下幾種情況英語都用被動語態：(1)不知道動作的執行者;(2)沒有必要指出或不想指出動作的執行者;(3)雖然需要同時指出動作的執行者但更強調動作的承受者。
將下列句子改為被動形式。
1) They saw Joe’s father return after dark.
2) They do not allow you to smoke in the laboratory.
3) We should take effective measures to stop various forms of pollution.
4) When she was in Shanghai we heard the actress say she had long thought of the city as her second home.
5) People saw the young man enter the building next to the bank.
6) After the minister of education had finished speaking at the press conference, people made him answer all sorts of questions.
7) I don’t think anyone can make Tom do what he dislikes.
8) I heard the wind roar through the trees.
9) What should one do in a case like this?
(六) 強調句
改寫下列句子，強調劃線部分。
1) Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.
2) The author praises all that is progressive with genuine(真實的) feeling.
3) We could not cross the river because the water had risen.
4) Jim, a heartless fellow, was heard shouting at his mother in the dead of night(在深夜).
5) Mrs. Williams didn"t know anything about it until I told her.